Bitumen Price History 2022–2026 | FOB Iskenderun Weekly Data
Bitumen Price History 2022–2026
Weekly FOB Iskenderun export offers for Jey Embossed, Pasargad Embossed, private factory, VG, oxidized, and bulk bitumen grades, tracked month by month since January 2022.
Updated weekly · last verified July 2026
This page is the complete Bitumen Price History archive for Raha Oil's weekly FOB Iskenderun export quotes, covering every supply category we track: Jey Embossed, Pasargad Embossed, private factory grades, Jumbo Bag, New Steel Drum, Bulk, and VG grades (VG10, VG30, VG40).
Traders, road contractors, asphalt plant operators, and procurement teams use this archive to spot seasonal trends, benchmark today's offer against historical cycles, time bulk procurement, and negotiate from an informed position. The main drivers behind the moves recorded here are the weekly Vacuum Bottom (VB) base price on the Mercantile Exchange, USD exchange-rate swings, crude oil trends, seasonal Q2–Q3 construction demand, and refinery competition across the Middle East.
Data note: March 2026 export quotes roughly doubled versus February in the source feed pending verification against this week's live Vacuum Bottom base price; treat as unconfirmed until cross-checked. See this week's live price for the confirmed current number.
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
670-675$
675-680$
675-680$
680-690$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
670-675$
675-680$
675-680$
680-690$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
655-660$
660-665$
660-665$
665-670$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
655-660$
660-665$
660-665$
665-670$
VG Grades
658-663$
663-668$
663-668$
668-673$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
650-655$
655-660$
655-660$
660-665$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
425-430$
430-435$
430-435$
435-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
360-365$
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
490-495$
495-500$
495-500$
550-555$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
400-405$
405-410$
405-410$
410-415$
European Bulk Range
410-415$
415-420$
415-420$
420-425$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
690-695$
700-710$
700-710$
710-720$
Bitumen Price in February 2026
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
365-370$
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
365-370$
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
350-360$
350-360$
347-352$
355-360$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
350-360$
350-360$
347-352$
355-360$
VG Grades
353-363$
353-363$
350-355$
358-363$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
340-345$
340-345$
337-342$
345-350$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
300-310$
300-310$
295-300$
295-300$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
330-335$
330-335$
330-335$
340-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
350-355$
350-355$
350-355$
355-360$
European Bulk Range
315-340$
315-340$
315-340$
315-340$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen Price in January 2026
Data note: January 2026 figures were logged identically to February 2026 in the source feed. Kept here for continuity pending a corrected weekly entry.
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
365-370$
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
365-370$
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
350-360$
350-360$
347-352$
355-360$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
350-360$
350-360$
347-352$
355-360$
VG Grades
353-363$
353-363$
350-355$
358-363$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
340-345$
340-345$
337-342$
345-350$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
300-310$
300-310$
295-300$
295-300$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
330-335$
330-335$
330-335$
340-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
350-355$
350-355$
350-355$
355-360$
European Bulk Range
315-340$
315-340$
315-340$
315-340$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen Price History in 2025
Bitumen export prices in 2025 followed a broadly stable but gradually declining trend, with FOB prices for Jey and Pasargad embossed grades opening the year at $385–400/MT in January and closing December at $365–375/MT — a net decline of roughly $15–20/MT over the full year. Private factory grades tracked closely, holding a consistent $5–10/MT discount to embossed grades across all months.
H1 2025 (January–June) was marked by relative stability, with embossed grades trading in a narrow $385–400/MT band. VG grades held a slight $3–5/MT premium over private factory penetration grades. Oxidized Bitumen 115/15 stayed elevated at $450–480/MT during H1, reflecting steady waterproofing and industrial demand.
Prices peaked in July–August at $395–405/MT for embossed grades, on the back of seasonal road-construction demand across Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East. Singapore bulk prices peaked in the same window at $435–450/MT.
A correction began in September, with embossed grades softening from $390–395/MT to $380–385/MT by October as Vacuum Bottom (VB) base prices eased. The decline continued through Q4, with December recording the year's lowest levels. European bulk prices showed the widest range of any market in 2025 — $315–460/MT — reflecting vessel size and Mediterranean/Northern European freight variation.
Overall, 2025 was a year of consolidation after the elevated 2022–2023 levels, settling into a $370–400/MT FOB range for standard penetration grades.
Bitumen Price in December 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
370-375$
370-375$
370-375$
365-370$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
370-375$
370-375$
370-375$
365-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
360-365$
360-365$
350-360$
350-360$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
360-365$
360-365$
350-360$
350-360$
VG Grades
363-368$
363-368$
353-363$
353-363$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
350-355$
350-355$
345-350$
345-350$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
265-275$
265-275$
265-275$
300-310$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
355-360$
350-355$
330-335$
330-335$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
385-390$
377-380$
360-365$
358-360$
European Bulk Range
350-390$
345-375$
340-360$
315-340$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen Price in November 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
380-385$
380-385$
370-375$
370-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
380-385$
380-385$
370-375$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
370-375$
370-375$
360-365$
363-368$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
370-375$
370-375$
360-365$
363-368$
VG Grades
373-378$
373-378$
363-368$
366-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
360-365$
360-365$
350-355$
353-358$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
265-270$
265-270$
265-270$
270-275$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
405-410$
405-410$
370-375$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
400-403$
400-403$
390-395$
390-395$
European Bulk Range
370-375$
370-375$
390-415$
380-410$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
440-450$
440-450$
440-450$
430-440$
Bitumen Price in October 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
380-385$
380-385$
380-385$
380-385$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
380-385$
380-385$
380-385$
380-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
370-375$
375-380$
370-375$
370-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
370-375$
375-380$
370-375$
370-375$
VG Grades
373-378$
378-383$
373-378$
373-378$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
363-367$
365-370$
363-368$
360-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
265-275$
285-295$
265-270$
265-270$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
398-400$
395-400$
389-394$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
405-410$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
395-400$
402-407$
400-403$
400-403$
European Bulk Range
370-410$
380-430$
390-450$
390-450$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
450-460$
450-460$
440-450$
440-450$
Bitumen Price in September 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
390-395$
390-395$
385-390$
380-385$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
390-395$
390-395$
385-390$
380-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
380-390$
378-385$
375-380$
370-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
380-390$
378-385$
375-380$
370-375$
VG Grades
382-392$
380-387$
373-383$
373-383$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
370-375$
370-375$
365-370$
363-367$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
320-325$
285-290$
270-275$
260-270$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
405-410$
405-410$
400-405$
400-403$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
415-420$
417-420$
405-410$
405-410$
European Bulk Range
370-420$
380-430$
380-430$
370-410$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
475-480$
470-480$
470-480$
460-470$
Bitumen Price in August 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
VG Grades
388-398$
388-398$
388-398$
388-398$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
375-385$
375-385$
375-385$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
343-348$
343-348$
343-348$
343-348$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
410-415$
410-415$
410-415$
410-415$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
398-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
445-450$
445-450$
435-440$
435-440$
European Bulk Range
420-460$
420-470$
410-465$
410-465$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
475-480$
475-480$
475-480$
475-480$
Bitumen Price in July 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
395-400$
400-405$
400-405$
400-405$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
395-400$
400-405$
400-405$
400-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
380-385$
385-390$
390-400$
385-395$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
380-385$
385-390$
390-400$
385-395$
VG Grades
383-388$
388-393$
393-403$
388-398$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
370-375$
375-380$
380-390$
380-390$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
335-340$
335-340$
343-348$
343-348$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
400-405$
400-405$
410-415$
410-415$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
410-415$
410-415$
435-440$
440-450$
European Bulk Range
420-480$
420-480$
420-480$
420-450$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
450-460$
450-460$
475-480$
475-480$
Bitumen Price in June 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
390-395$
390-395$
395-400$
395-400$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
390-395$
390-395$
395-400$
395-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
385-390$
385-390$
380-385$
380-390$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
385-390$
385-390$
380-385$
380-390$
VG Grades
388-393$
388-393$
383-388$
383-393$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
370-375$
370-375$
370-375$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
340-345$
340-345$
330-335$
335-340$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
400-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
370-375$
370-375$
395-400$
395-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
395-400$
395-400$
398-407$
410-415$
European Bulk Range
405-450$
450-460$
400-460$
420-480$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
450-460$
450-460$
450-460$
450-460$
Bitumen Price in May 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
395-400$
395-400$
390-395$
390-395$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
395-400$
395-400$
390-395$
390-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
387-392$
383-387$
380-385$
380-385$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
387-392$
383-387$
380-385$
380-385$
VG Grades
389-395$
386-390$
383-388$
383-388$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
378-382$
375-380$
370-375$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
326-332$
320-325$
337-342$
340-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
385-390$
385-390$
382-385$
380-382$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
405-410$
405-410$
400-405$
395-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
370-375$
370-375$
370-375$
370-375$
European Bulk Range
415-445$
395-440$
395-440$
405-450$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
460-470$
460-470$
450-460$
450-460$
Bitumen Price in April 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
390-395$
388-392$
392-397$
392-397$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
390-395$
388-392$
392-397$
392-397$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
380-385$
375-385$
380-385$
385-390$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
380-385$
375-385$
380-385$
385-390$
VG Grades
383-388$
378-387$
383-388$
388-393$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
370-375$
365-375$
370-375$
375-380$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
325-330$
322-325$
320-325$
320-325$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
405-410$
395-400$
385-390$
390-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
425-430$
410-415$
410-415$
415-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
415-420$
415-420$
415-420$
415-420$
European Bulk Range
420-450$
420-460$
420-490$
390-430$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
460-470$
460-470$
460-470$
460-470$
Bitumen Price in March 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
395-399$
390-399$
395-400$
396-400$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
395-399$
390-399$
395-400$
396-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
385-388$
385-390$
388-392$
385-390$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
385-388$
385-390$
388-392$
385-390$
VG Grades
383-392$
388-393$
390-395$
388-393$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
375-378$
375-380$
378-380$
375-380$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
324-328$
335-343$
330-340$
330-340$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
420-425$
420-425$
415-420$
415-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
435-440$
435-440$
445-450$
445-450$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
415-420$
415-420$
415-420$
415-420$
European Bulk Range
440-470$
440-470$
440-470$
420-450$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
470-480$
470-480$
470-480$
470-480$
Bitumen Price in February 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
380-390$
380-390$
380-385$
385-388$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
380-390$
380-390$
380-385$
385-388$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
375-380$
375-380$
375-380$
375-380$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
375-380$
375-380$
375-380$
375-380$
VG Grades
378-383$
378-383$
378-383$
378-383$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
365-370$
365-370$
360-370$
365-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
320-325$
320-325$
322-325$
322-325$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
400-405$
400-405$
410-420$
410-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
412-418$
412-418$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
395-397$
395-397$
415-420$
415-420$
European Bulk Range
415-460$
415-460$
420-460$
420-460$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
470-480$
470-480$
470-480$
470-480$
Bitumen Price in January 2025
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
385-390$
398-400$
385-390$
385-390$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
385-390$
398-400$
385-390$
385-390$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
380-385$
380-385$
375-380$
378-382$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
380-385$
380-385$
375-380$
378-382$
VG Grades
383-388$
383-388$
378-383$
381-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
370-375$
370-375$
365-370$
365-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
333-338$
330-332$
330-333$
330-333$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
405-410$
405-410$
395-397$
405-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
428-435$
428-432$
410-417$
425-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
European Bulk Range
410-440$
410-440$
415-450$
415-460$
Oxidized Bitumen 115/15
485-495$
485-495$
485-495$
485-495$
Bitumen Price History in 2024
2024 was largely sideways, with a sharp Q4 spike that briefly pushed prices to their highest levels since mid-2023. Jey and Pasargad embossed grades opened the year (February) at $350–360/MT and closed December at $405–430/MT — an increase driven almost entirely by the November surge rather than underlying demand growth.
H1 2024 (February–June) saw exceptional stability: embossed grades held a tight $350–365/MT range with almost no week-to-week movement, while Singapore bulk traded at a premium of $400–455/MT on strong Southeast Asian infrastructure demand.
A gradual rise began in July–August, with embossed grades edging from $355–360/MT to $370–375/MT on peak-season demand from Africa and South Asia. September–October saw consolidation at $355–380/MT, while European bulk spiked to $450–520/MT — the widest range recorded that year — on tighter vessel availability.
The defining event of 2024 was November: embossed grades jumped from $385/MT to $425–430/MT in weeks 3–4, a roughly $40–45/MT move within a single month, driven by a sharp VB base-price increase and a sudden demand pickup. Private factory grades followed the same pattern, and Oxidized Bitumen 115/15 hit its 2024 high of $485–495/MT in the same month.
2024's effective trading range for standard embossed penetration grades was $350–430/MT FOB.
Bitumen Price in December 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
420-425$
415-420$
410-415$
405-408$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
420-425$
415-420$
410-415$
405-408$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
405-410$
395-405$
390-400$
380-390$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
405-410$
395-405$
390-400$
380-390$
VG Grades
408-413$
398-408$
393-403$
383-393$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
395-400$
385-395$
380-390$
370-380$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
348-350$
350-355$
358-362$
340-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
395-397$
412-415$
412-415$
410-412$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
430-435$
431-440$
425-432$
427-432$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
European Bulk Range
465-475$
415-450$
410-430$
410-430$
Bitumen Price in November 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
380-385$
385-390$
425-430$
420-425$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
380-385$
385-390$
425-430$
420-425$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
370-375$
372-377$
415-420$
410-415$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
370-375$
372-377$
415-420$
410-415$
VG Grades
373-378$
375-379$
418-423$
413-428$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
358-362$
360-365$
407-412$
400-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
300-305$
316-321$
329-334$
330-335$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
435-440$
430-435$
425-430$
425-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
480-485$
460-465$
455-460$
455-460$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
European Bulk Range
440-500$
450-500$
440-490$
430-490$
Bitumen Price in October 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
370-375$
370-375$
375-380$
370-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
370-375$
370-375$
375-380$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
365-370$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
365-370$
365-370$
370-375$
365-370$
VG Grades
368-373$
368-373$
373-378$
368-373$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
355-360$
355-360$
360-365$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
296-302$
296-302$
295-302$
296-302$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
435-440$
435-440$
440-445$
440-445$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
530-535$
530-535$
540-545$
490-500$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
European Bulk Range
450-460$
450-460$
460-510$
475-520$
Bitumen Price in September 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
355-360$
360-365$
360-365$
365-368$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
355-360$
360-365$
360-365$
365-368$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
345-350$
350-355$
350-355$
360-365$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
345-350$
350-355$
350-355$
360-365$
VG Grades
348-353$
353-358$
353-358$
363-368$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
335-340$
340-345$
340-345$
350-355$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
288-293$
288-293$
288-293$
290-296$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
400-405$
405-410$
405-410$
430-435$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
496-500$
502-507$
500-505$
515-520$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
415-420$
395-397$
395-397$
395-397$
European Bulk Range
460-510$
430-480$
430-480$
380-430$
Bitumen Price in August 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
370-375$
365-370$
360-365$
355-360$
Bitumen 80/100 Pasargad Embossed
370-375$
365-370$
360-365$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
365-370$
358-363$
350-355$
345-350$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
365-370$
358-363$
350-355$
345-350$
VG Grades
368-373$
360-365$
353-358$
348-353$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
350-355$
345-350$
342-348$
335-340$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
299-304$
295-300$
295-300$
288-293$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
385-390$
400-405$
410-415$
400-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
490-495$
494-500$
490-495$
496-500$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
447-450$
447-450$
447-450$
415-420$
European Bulk Range
470-530$
459-500$
430-490$
460-510$
Bitumen Price in July 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
355-360$
365-370$
370-372$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
355-360$
365-370$
370-372$
370-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
350-355$
359-364$
357-362$
365-370$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
350-355$
359-364$
357-362$
365-370$
VG Grades
353-358$
362-367$
360-365$
368-373$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
340-350$
350-355$
348-350$
350-355$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
285-290$
288-293$
288-293$
288-293$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
410-415$
410-415$
410-415$
395-398$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
450-455$
460-465$
460-465$
470-475$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
480-485$
447-450$
447-450$
447-450$
European Bulk Range
455-520$
460-540$
460-540$
485-545$
Bitumen Price in June 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
355-360$
355-360$
355-360$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
355-360$
355-360$
355-360$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
350-360$
350-360$
350-360$
350-355$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
350-360$
350-360$
350-360$
350-355$
VG Grades
358-363$
358-363$
358-363$
353-358$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
340-345$
340-345$
340-345$
340-350$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
285-290$
285-290$
285-290$
285-290$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
395-400$
395-400$
395-400$
410-415$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
440-445$
440-445$
440-445$
450-455$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
480$
480$
480$
480-485$
European Bulk Range
450-460$
450-460$
450-460$
455-520$
Bitumen Price in May 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
355-365$
360-365$
360-365$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
355-365$
360-365$
360-365$
355-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
355-360$
355-360$
355-360$
350-360$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
355-360$
355-360$
355-360$
350-360$
VG Grades
358-363$
358-363$
358-363$
358-363$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
345-350$
340-350$
340-350$
340-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
288-295$
288-295$
288-295$
285-290$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
400-410$
440-445$
440-445$
395-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
445-450$
445-450$
445-450$
440-445$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
380-390$
430-440$
430-440$
480$
European Bulk Range
460-510$
460-510$
460-510$
450-460$
Bitumen Price in April 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
360-365$
360-365$
355-365$
355-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
360-365$
360-365$
355-365$
355-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
350-355$
350-355$
345-355$
345-355$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
350-355$
350-355$
345-355$
345-355$
VG Grades
353-358$
353-358$
348-358$
348-358$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
340-345$
340-345$
335-345$
335-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Iran
280-285$
283-293$
285-295$
285-295$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in South Korea
395-405$
410-415$
400-410$
400-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Singapore
400-405$
415-420$
400-410$
400-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen in Bahrain
380-390$
380-390$
380-385$
380-385$
Bitumen Price in March 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
338-343$
338-343$
338-343$
350-355$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
338-343$
338-343$
338-343$
350-355$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
350-355$
350-355$
350-355$
360-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
350-355$
350-355$
350-355$
360-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
330-335$
330-335$
330-335$
340-345$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
275-280$
275-280$
275-280$
280-285$
VG Grades
340-342$
340-342$
340-342$
353-358$
Bitumen Price in February 2024
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
345-350$
345-350$
340-345$
338-343$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
345-350$
345-350$
340-345$
338-343$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
350-360$
350-360$
350-355$
350-355$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
350-360$
350-360$
350-355$
350-355$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
340-345$
340-345$
335-340$
330-335$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
275-280$
275-280$
275-280$
275-280$
VG Grades
348-358$
348-358$
343-348$
340-342$
Bitumen Price History in 2023
2023 recorded the sharpest annual decline of the 2022–2025 period: Jey and Pasargad embossed grades fell from an April high of $435–445/MT to $360–370/MT by December, a drop of roughly $70–80/MT. The downtrend was driven by falling VB base prices, softening crude, and weaker H2 demand from key importing regions.
The year opened at $375–390/MT in January, already below late-2022 levels, then staged a brief rally in March–April to $430–445/MT — the year's peak — on a seasonal construction pickup and a temporary VB increase.
From May onward, prices entered a near-uninterrupted decline through year-end: $410–430/MT in May, $375–385/MT in June, a brief stabilization in August ($420–430/MT), then a sharp correction from $395–430/MT in October to $360–370/MT in December as off-season demand hit and VB prices fell.
Bulk Bitumen was especially volatile in 2023, swinging from $390–400/MT in May to $265–275/MT in June — a collapse of over $120/MT in a single month — reflecting how much more sensitive bulk pricing is to shipping logistics and short-term supply-demand shifts than packaged grades.
2023's effective trading range for standard embossed penetration grades was $360–445/MT FOB.
Bitumen Price in December 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
380-390$
360-370$
360-370$
350-360$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
380-390$
360-370$
360-370$
350-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
390-400$
370-380$
370-380$
360-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
390-400$
370-380$
370-380$
360-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
390-400$
360-370$
360-370$
350-360$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
280-285$
265-275$
265-275$
265-275$
Bitumen Price in October 2023
Data note: corrected an obvious typo (was "498-408$", now "398-408$").
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
415-420$
400-410$
395-405$
385-395$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
415-420$
400-410$
395-405$
385-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
425-430$
420-430$
418-422$
395-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
425-430$
420-430$
418-422$
395-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
405-410$
400-410$
398-408$
380-390$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
325-335$
320-330$
310-320$
310-320$
Bitumen Price in September 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
390-400$
411-416$
410-420$
415-420$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
390-400$
411-416$
410-420$
415-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
415-420$
419-424$
425-430$
425-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
405-410$
419-424$
425-430$
425-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
375-385$
375-385$
400-405$
405-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
310-315$
310-320$
320-330$
325-335$
Bitumen Price in August 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
415-420$
415-420$
410-420$
400-405$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
415-420$
415-420$
410-420$
400-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
420-430$
425-430$
420-430$
420-425$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
420-430$
425-430$
420-430$
420-425$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
400-410$
400-405$
400-410$
380-390$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
305-310$
310-320$
325-340$
320-335$
Bitumen Price in July 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
355-365$
375-385$
380-390$
405-410$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
355-365$
375-385$
380-390$
405-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
370-380$
390-400$
395-405$
405-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
370-380$
390-400$
395-405$
405-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
345-355$
365-375$
370-375$
405-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
265-275$
273-283$
285-295$
285-295$
Bitumen Price in June 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
365-375$
355-365$
355-365$
355-365$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
365-375$
355-365$
355-365$
355-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
385-395$
375-385$
375-385$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
385-395$
375-385$
375-385$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
360-370$
345-355$
345-355$
345-355$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
297-307$
280-290$
275-285$
267-273$
Bitumen Price in May 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
410-420$
400-410$
395-405$
375-385$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
410-420$
400-410$
395-405$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
420-430$
410-420$
410-420$
390-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
420-430$
410-420$
410-420$
390-400$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
400-410$
380-390$
375-385$
365-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
390-400$
340-350$
325-335$
310-320$
Bitumen Price in April 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
425-435$
420-430$
420-430$
420-430$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
425-435$
420-430$
420-430$
420-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
435-445$
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
435-445$
430-440$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
410-420$
400-410$
410-420$
410-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
345-355$
350-360$
360-370$
355-360$
Bitumen Price in March 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
385-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
395-405$
395-405$
385-395$
385-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
395-405$
395-405$
395-405$
395-405$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
375-385$
375-385$
375-385$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
305-310$
305-310$
305-310$
305-310$
Bitumen Price in January 2023
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 Private Factory
370-380$
370-380$
365-375$
365-375$
Bitumen 80/100 Private Factory
370-380$
370-380$
365-375$
365-375$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
380-390$
380-390$
375-385$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
380-390$
380-390$
375-385$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Jumbo Bag
360-370$
360-370$
355-365$
355-365$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
335-345$
335-345$
310-320$
300-310$
Bitumen Price History in 2022
2022 recorded the highest prices of the entire dataset: Jey and Pasargad embossed grades peaked at $520–540/MT in March–April, a level not matched since. The year opened with a strong rally on post-COVID infrastructure recovery, rising crude, and supply constraints, before a sustained H2 correction brought prices back toward normalized levels.
January opened at $375–435/MT, already trending up. February–March accelerated sharply to $500–540/MT — the dataset's all-time high — driven by the spike in global crude following the February 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict, strong developing-market infrastructure demand, and tight Mercantile Exchange supply. New Steel Drum prices also hit their dataset peak of $475–495/MT in this window.
A correction began in May, easing from $500–510/MT to $455–475/MT, continuing through June ($435–465/MT) and July ($375–445/MT). The decline accelerated in August–September as crude retreated and VB base prices fell, bringing embossed grades to $385–420/MT by September. Bulk Bitumen saw the sharpest correction of any grade, falling from $440–450/MT in February to $295–395/MT in August.
A partial recovery followed in October–November to $415–450/MT on renewed seasonal demand, before a December pullback to $400–410/MT as year-end demand slowed.
2022's effective trading range for standard embossed penetration grades was $375–540/MT FOB — the widest annual range on this page.
Bitumen Price in December 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
425-435$
420-425$
385-395$
380-390$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
415-425$
425-435$
400-410$
400-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
415-425$
425-435$
400-410$
400-410$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
375-385$
370-380$
360-370$
340-350$
Bitumen Price in November 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
400-415$
425-435$
430-440$
430-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
410-420$
425-435$
430-440$
440-450$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
410-420$
425-435$
430-440$
440-450$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
320-330$
380-390$
380-390$
385-400$
Bitumen Price in October 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
370-380$
390-400$
415-425$
415-425$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
380-390$
400-410$
425-435$
415-425$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
380-390$
400-410$
425-435$
415-425$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
310-320$
320-330$
370-380$
330-340$
Bitumen Price in September 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
415-425$
400-405$
380-390$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
415-420$
405-415$
400-410$
385-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
415-420$
405-415$
400-410$
385-395$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
345-355$
345-355$
335-345$
325-335$
Bitumen Price in August 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
355-365$
390-400$
380-390$
410-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
365-375$
400-410$
410-420$
420-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
365-375$
400-410$
410-420$
420-430$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
295-395$
310-320$
325-335$
340-350$
Bitumen Price in July 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
430-435$
420-425$
400-410$
360-370$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
435-445$
425-430$
405-410$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
435-445$
425-430$
425-430$
375-385$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
340-345$
330-340$
325-335$
300-310$
Bitumen Price in June 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
455-465$
450-460$
435-445$
435-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
465-475$
460-465$
450-460$
435-440$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
465-475$
460-465$
450-460$
440-450$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
380-390$
370-380$
345-355$
340-350$
Bitumen Price in May 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
485-495$
475-485$
485-495$
480-490$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
500-510$
485-495$
465-475$
455-465$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
500-510$
485-495$
465-475$
455-465$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
415-425$
405-415$
390-400$
385-395$
Bitumen Price in April 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
485-495$
480-490$
470-480$
475-485$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
520-540$
515-535$
485-495$
490-500$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
520-540$
515-535$
485-495$
490-500$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
440-450$
435-445$
410-420$
415-425$
Bitumen Price in March 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
475-485$
465-475$
470-480$
475-485$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
500-510$
510-520$
510-520$
530-540$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
500-510$
510-520$
510-520$
530-540$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
430-440$
430-440$
420-430$
425-435$
Bitumen Price in February 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
340-350$
330-340$
335-345$
330-340$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
480-485$
500-510$
500-510$
490-500$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
480-485$
500-510$
500-510$
490-500$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
415-425$
420-430$
420-430$
420-430$
Bitumen Price in January 2022
Bitumen Price
1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4th Week
Bitumen 60/70 New Steel Drum
375-385$
385-395$
395-410$
410-420$
Bitumen 60/70 Jey Embossed
375-385$
390-400$
415-425$
425-435$
Bitumen 60/70 Pasargad Embossed
375-385$
390-400$
415-425$
425-435$
Bitumen 60/70 Bulk Bitumen
300-310$
310-320$
335-355$
335-365$
Need a formal quotation?
Get this week's confirmed FOB or CFR price for your grade, packing, and destination port.
It is a weekly record of bitumen export offer prices quoted free-on-board at Iskenderun port, covering major penetration grades (60/70, 80/100), VG grades, oxidized bitumen, and bulk shipments to destinations including Iran, South Korea, Bahrain, Singapore, and Europe.
How often is this price history updated?
Prices are logged weekly, in four-week blocks per calendar month, going back to January 2022. For the current week's live offer, see the Bitumen Price page.
Why does bitumen price vary by packing type and destination?
Packing (jumbo bag, new steel drum, bulk), grade (60/70, 80/100, VG10/30/40, oxidized), and destination freight all move the FOB and CFR price independently. Bulk cargo is the most volatile because it is the most exposed to vessel availability and short-term freight swings, while embossed brand grades (Jey, Pasargad) trade at the most stable premium.
What mainly drives week-to-week bitumen price changes?
The weekly Vacuum Bottom (VB) base price set on the Mercantile Exchange, global crude oil moves, USD exchange rate shifts, and seasonal construction demand (peaking in Q2–Q3 in most import markets).
About this data
Compiled and verified weekly by the Raha Oil export desk (Raha Group), Burlington Tower, Business Bay, Dubai, from FOB Iskenderun offer sheets and Mercantile Exchange Vacuum Bottom base-price announcements. Historical entries are preserved as originally logged; known transcription errors are flagged inline rather than silently altered.
